The International Marketing Strategies Of Companies Marketing Essay

The International Marketing Strategies Of Companies Marketing Essay It is not too long ago when people from one part of the world did not know the existence of others. Peoples desire to share knowledge and explore the whole world led to some major exploration likes Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus, who made the connection between Europe and America. Before this period, people had no scope to know about knowledge or innovations of others. It was the 16th century A.D. that brought Patagonian Indians to America. During the 17th century Europeans discovered Australia and by that time the whole world was recognized and was ready for contact and trade activity. This can be considered to be the earliest recorded history of the beginning of a new era called globalization. (Daniels et al. ,2002). Although the idea of globalization and its relation to the business world is not too old and it is only in the last two decades that the current trend of globalization has brought a dramatic change to the business world (Thoumrungroje Tansuhaj, 2004). In the book, Globalisation in world business, the author A. G. Hopkins said globalization is not simply a western experience. The key is to understand the globalizing processes which include ancient and modern as well as western and eastern dimensions. The representative of globalisation could be anywhere starting from spiritual leaders and their beliefs to crowned heads and their royal family; travelling soldiers and scholars or even traders or general community people (Bell, 2003). However, Globalization has been defined by Jane Fraser and Jeremy Oppenheim (1997), in the simplest terms, as a process by which the worlds economy is transformed from a set of national and regional markets into a set of markets that operate without regard to national boundaries. WHAT DRIVES IT? In mid 1980s, after facing some fast changes in cold war, East world-West world relation became almost friendly. In addition, after the fall of Soviet Union, lot of emerging markets appeared in the context of world market, with an aspiration to enhance their living standard. In 1990s West German and East Germany re-merged and appeared as a potential industrialist country in world market. Many Eastern Europe countries and transition economies countries joined in European Union. China and India started exporting goods and services to large regions of the globe, particularly to the United States. The powerful economic growth of countries, resulted in enlarged local demands, leading to divergence between provinces, discriminations in income, anxieties about employment, and increases in energy prices (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). The USA market took the leadership role in this current trend of globalization. Factors like decentralization, privatization, deregulation as well as the growth of cyberspace made the globalization process faster. Through decentralization, new trading markets and trading blocs have emerged around the world. The companies are able to produce, buy or sell goods anywhere in the world and meet the local and regional needs. On the other hand, deregulation removed the trade barriers and helped to form NAFTA, LAFTA and World Trade Organization. Also, non government organization became involved in globalization through the process of privatization. Countries like India and China became more involved in global trade due cyberspace and technological improvement (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). Many authors and scholars have talked about many characteristics of globalization around the world. But factors like fast technological progress, the deteriorating role of the nation state, transfer of industrial production from western countries to newly industrialising countries for cheap labour and material are key drivers of globalization (Brown, 1999). THE EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION The effects of globalization are spreading widely day by day. All the major industries and business of both developed and developing countries, along with individuals, are affected by globalization. (Garrette, 2000). The current business environment is more aggressive and competitive and can be characterised as hypercompetitive environment (DAveni, 1994). As markets are becoming more global day by day, the trade involves more countries and economies around the world. World merchandise trade was $157 billion in 1963 and it has become $10,159 in 2005 which is a significant increase of $10 trillion. Also, service trade which used to be $365 billion in 1980 has increased to $2,415 billion (Held Mcgrew, 2007). The effect of globalization brought dramatic changes in the business environment and companies are restructuring their business due to this reason (Jones, 2002). One of the most strategical change and significant business development in the recent years, is the formation of co-marketing alliances (Hwang and Burgers, 1997). Globalization does not always bring good outcome to all people. It has badly affected the job sector of the developed countries, where jobs of manufacturing sector has decreased. As production plants have moved to the low cost producers and unavailability of alternative employment, many are still unemployed. Other issues for developed countries include the debt obligations to international bank. The amount has increased to $1 trillion which has an adverse impact on their economy. The privatisation sector, deregulation and currency adjustment has been affected due to this reason (Roukis, 2006). Globalization has consequences on our culture as well. The globalization of culture also affects cities. As people around the world exchange cultural symbols, they tend to forget their own cultures and identity. The exchange of cultural symbols has increased dramatically in the recent decade due to the availability of communication technologies. (Nijman,1999). Globalization also caused the remarkable increase in inequality between rich and poor countries. Also, globalization is related with globally organized crime, ethnic clash, environmental disaster, and the collapse of many states and the emergence of others, terrorism, militarism, proper democratic system as a political condition for international aid, the rise of civil wars etc. (Santos, 2006). On the other hand, Held Mcgrew (2007) suggests that economic globalization could encourage economic development as well as it could be the only successful path to global poverty reduction. During 1970, there were more than 1400 million people who used to earn less than $2 a day and during 1998, this figure came down to less than 1000 million. WHAT IS MARKETING STRATEGY? According to Varadarajan Clark (1994), Marketing strategy is concerned with the creation of a marketing mix that enables the business to achieve its objectives in a target market. Marketing strategy is the main and most important principle that a firm uses to organize and allocate its resources for generating profit from customers, who are an integrate part of the market (Kim, 2004). Aaker (2009 cited by Kyung Hoon Kim et al., 2012) notes that marketing strategy can involve a variety of functional area strategies including positioning, pricing, distribution, and global strategies. The overriding principle driving a firms marketing strategy is that, marketing strategy depends on the companys vision for its future. This vision generally reflects where the firm expects to position itself in five to ten years-in effect, how the market perceives the firm. The development of a marketing strategy needs a basic assessment of both the firm and the market. The strategy, chosen, has to be the best at increasing the firms assets, with respect to the target market (Kyung Hoon Kim et al., 2012) Also, the key task of international marketing management is to establish a companys overall international strategy which also decides the degree of international integration of the company (Ghauri Cateora, 2006). INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND GLOBAL MARKETING Global marketing or globalization of markets is a key issue for multinational business firms. Many companies who markets global products around the world such as Nestle, Sony, Toyota and many others has to carefully look for opportunities in the international markets. Globalization of markets is a challenging issue for governments and political party or trade unions while business related people or organizations encourage the initiative of open trade which connects different markets by going beyond the national boundary. According to Solberg (1997), cited by Hollensen (1998), the following table explains nine strategic windows which are major motives for firms to internationalise. At immature stage, where firms have little experience, it is better not to go for international markets. Instead they should strength their position in the home market. Also, if firms find themselves smaller and weaker among other multinational firms in the global market, then Solberg (1997) suggests that the firms should try to increase its net assets by attracting potential partners for a future by-out bid. This could be a good option for small and medium size enterprises who are supplying advanced high-tech components to large industrial buyers. Firms also can overcome their competitive disadvantages by going into alliances with other firms. Preparedness for internationalization Mature 3.Go into new business 6. Prepare for globalization 9. Strengthen your global position Adolescent 2.Consolidate your expert markets 5. Consider expansion in international markets 8. Seek global alliances Immature 1. Stay at home 4. Seek niches in international markets 7. Prepare for a buy-out Local Potentially global Global Industry globalism Table. The nine strategic windows , Source: opted from Solberg (1997), cited by Hollensen (1998). The technological advancement of the 21st century has been a key factor behind global marketing. The exchange of information has become easy and transport has become more cheap and comfortable. Consumers around the world wants new and innovative product even if they are being made in the other part of the world because technology makes them aware about the existence of that new product. Business firms accept this commercial reality and as result enjoy greater economies of scale in production or marketing or distribution. As a result, the globalization of business helps them to offer products at a cheaper rate and thus gain a competitive advantage among its competitors (Buzzel et al.,1995). Although global marketing strategy and globalization of markets are two interrelated areas but there is a little difference between them. Global marketing strategy is needed in order to improve the efficiency of operations while globalization of markets is occurring due to the homogeneity of demand across cultures (Ghauri cateora, 2006). Due to the raise in globalization of markets day by day companies find they are inevitably surrounded by foreign consumers as well as their competitors and suppliers. On the other hand, different countries have to admit the limitation of their own assets and the advantage of trade activities outside their own boundaries. Thus engaging in international business for both firms and countries are very much essential. According to Ghauri and Cateora (2006), the following factors play an important role in shaping of international business. Each country or economy is dependent to other economies. The formulation of free trade areas such as ASEAN, EU, APEC and NAFTA and the expansion of business activities in those areas. Countries having greater purchasing power due to their improving economy The arrival of new and potential markets with a large number of customers such as countries like India, China, Russia, Brazil, Malaysia etc. Technological advancement has been the key factor behind the improvement of transportation and communication. In order to engage in international business, companies need to have proper international marketing strategies. As international markets bring new opportunities and threats, appropriate strategies could help them to overcome possible difficulties in the international markets. Also, international companies need to respond to customer needs and wants by adapting existing product or by bringing new product to the market. (Bradley, 2002). International marketing exists all around us due to the globalization and provides new opportunities and challenges for marketers around the world. (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION ON COMPANIES MARKETING STRATEGIES According to Czinkota Samli (2007), Globalization enables international marketing to take place all around us, and to continuously offer new opportunities and challenges. Successful economies are always driven by customer needs and wants. The bureaucratic plans do not play an important role there. On the other hand, a firm must have a strategic response to the challenges of global market. Companies which are expanding their business in domestic market need to choose an appropriate strategy suitable to their situation. Since a global company is involved in many countries economy, it brings the idea of standardizing the marketing activities. The recent trend in globalization encourages the companies as well as countries to engage more in world trade activities. World exports were three times higher in 1998 than 1950; according to a WTO estimate, in 2001 this ratio was 29 per cent and in 2005 it was 27 per cent comparing to 12.5 per cent in 1970 and 17 per cent in 1990. In spite of 11 September attack in the USA the world economy is still achieving a rapid growth (Held Mcgrew, 2007). Also, Czinkota and Samli (2007) suggest that the base of globalization has two dimensions. The first one deal with deregulation, decentralization, the development of electronic data transfer and the other is characterised by capital flow, information and technological development. These features accelerate globalization, which enable companies to engage in international trade activity. Thus globalization provides a powerful foundation for international marketing to make progress. CO-MARKETING ALLIANCES According to Hewang and Burgers (1997, cited by Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj, 2004), one of the recent trends to overcome the globalization effects has been the formation of marketing alliances. As companies around the world are restructuring their business to meet the global threats co-marketing alliances can bring greater success in the international marketing performances. In simple words, Anderson and Narus (1990, cited by Louis P. Bucklin Sanjit Sengupta, 1993) defines Co-marketing alliances as a form of working partnership with mutual recognition and understanding that the success of each firm depends in part on the other firm. Its a contractual relationship between the two firms, whose respective products acts as complimentary products, in the market. The purpose of such relationship is to intensify and/or build awareness, about benefits of such complementarities. The co-ordination between firms can be extended into product development, product and even research development. Also, according to Hoskisson et al. (2004, cited by Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj, 2004), co-marketing alliances are a particular type of strategic alliance which is a business level competitive strategy. The primary focus of such alliance is to create a competitive advantage in the international market. It is also called horizontal complementary strategic alliance. The main objective of such alliance formation is to maximize the companies profit by utilizing their resources and capabilities. Co-marketing alliances also helps firms to gain better market position through increasing sales and market share. The following figure explains the relationship between co-marketing alliance, globalization effects and international marketing performance. Global Competitive environment Global Market Uncertainty Cooperation in Co-Marketing Alliance International Marketing Performance Global Market Opportunities Figure1.4 Conceptual relationship of globalization effects, cooperation and performance. Source. Adapted from (Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj ,2004). Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj (2004) suggest there are two kinds of globalization effects. They are global market opportunities and global market threats. Global market opportunities encourage the mergers of different firms, by combining their resources; from which, more powerful and larger group can emerge. Such groups are capable of providing a complete range of new product and services and thus gain the customer preferences. In United States, Citigroup and Travellers Group have merged together and have become one of the most successful financial service providers in the world. Also, powerful companies like General motor is attacking different sector by offering credit cards.(Doole Lowe, 1999) On the other hand, Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj (2004) also suggest global market threat could be classified into two categories. It is consists of global market uncertainty as well as the intensity and the level of competition. Global market threats are increasing due to, the easy access opportunity in the international markets. However, Co-marketing alliance does have significant management challenges, in spite of its potential contribution. There are chances of disagreement between partners, as they often tend to compete with each other in terms of product lines and occasionally, even those covered by co-marketing agreement. In fact, there is a high possibility of opportunism as one of the partners may use the other to gain market position only; or may be to build technological skills from the knowledge of the others intellectual property. (Louis P. Bucklin Sanjit Sengupta, 1993) STANDARDISATION VERSUS ADAPTATION Its been a long time, since the two opposing international marketing strategies have been debated upon standardisation versus adaptation of products. Standardization means selling essentially the same product in all markets. The advantage of standardisation is low costs, as designing, manufacturing and distributing same product across countries involves less of investment. However, selling identical products across borders may be undesirable due to differences in the legal environments, distribution channels, climates, topography, levels of market and technological development, and competitive and cultural factors. As customers of different countries have different requirements, a standardised product might not be able to satisfy all customers. (Roger J. Calantone et al. 2004) On the other hand, product adaptation refers to the degree to which the physical characteristics or attributes of a product and its packaging differs across national markets (Cavusgil et al., 1993 cited by Roger J. Calantone et al. 2004). Though customising products for different markets increases cost, the adapted products are more likely to fit the needs of the varied range of customers of different countries and become more acceptable; but would command higher margins, generating greater revenues. For example, Procter Gambles (PG) Oil of Olay skin moisturizer has different type of product in different countries, based on research of the need of customers in those countries; instead of just changing the language on the bottle of the same product. Doole and Lowe (1999) suggests within the elements of marketing management products or service image or marketing objective and strategies can be standardised easily than pricing or distribution. Pricing Differentiation Distribution Sales force Sales promotion Product Image Objective strategy Standardisation A firm taking a global approach means they are standardising their marketing activities to some extent and the firms who have multi-domestic approach means they adopt totally different policy for every single market. In one of the important studies on this topic, Cavusgil et al. (1993) concluded that it is difficult to make blanket statements about suitable standardization/adaptation strategy without an examination of (these factors). The preferable option for firms is to take such a strategy which is a mixture of standardisation as well as adaptation of the different elements of marketing management programmes. Most companies around the world globalise some elements of the marketing mix while localising others and they use a combination of multi-domestic, global or regional, and transitional strategies. Many international firms find it difficult to optimally balance standardizing and adapting their marketing, specifically the marketing strategies, across national borders, in order to be successful. Also, in the process of internationalisation, firms need to find the correct approach towards globalisation, regionalisation and localisation of business activities, in general, along with finding a way to transfer the approach to their marketing strategies level (Stefan Schmid and Thomas Kotulla, 2011).

Master’s Prepared Nurse Interview Essay

This paper is about an interview of a master’s prepared nurse who is in the position of an Assistant Director of nursing. The theme of the interview is concerned in showing how a graduate of a Master in science in nursing would be able to prepare a nurse in assuming a bigger role in the nursing practice, administration or education (Master of Science in Nursing, 2013). This opportunity gives the individual many different opportunities for growth and sets a room for career advancement. In this interview, I made the choice of interviewing B.A, who is a fellow instructor. Although I know that she is qualified for the position, I am also interested on how she rose from the ranks, and how she values education as one of the tools of achieving her dreams. Overview of Career B.A. began her career immediately after she graduated as a medical assistant in 1991. Between 1991 and 1993, she worked at a surgical group practice clinic. Much of her clinical experience was gained when assessing patients, assisting physicians, taking vital signs, and performing injections. In 1993, she became a certified assistant nurse after she continued with her education. She then worked at a Convalescent Home between 1993 and 1996, where she coordinated care with nurses in regard to the physical needs of her clients and hence reinforcing the desire of learning more in order to render better services (Summary Report for: Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary, 2013). B.A later pursued a Licensed Vocational Nurse program and graduated in 1996. From 1996 to 2000, she worked as an LVN, where she refined her technical skills on intravenous therapy,  medication pass, catheterizations and irrigations, and also patient’s safety and support implementations (Master of Science in Nursing, 2013). Later, she went back in school and was awarded an associate degree in nursing. B.A was then promoted to Clinical Nurse II between 2000 and 2004 at the hospital she worked for. She also became the nurse supervisor at the rehabilitation unit, hence taking charge of CNA’s and LVNs while at the same time coordinating with the interdisciplinary team in regard to therapies concerning the clients (Master of Science in Nursing, 2013). In 2008, she completed bachelor’s degree in nursing at Phoenix University. This was the opening of more exciting opportunities and challenging roles. Later, she was promoted to clinical nurse III, a positionshe held for seven years. B.A. was confirmed as a certified public health nurse in 2008. Since then, she has sought to impart her skills and knowledge to students (Summary Report for: Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary, 2013). She was then given the position of an instructor in LVN program. Reasons for Graduate Education B.A recalled that when she was still in school, she got scarlet fever and that there was a nice lady who visited and took good care of her. Another incident she recalled was when she lost her second pregnancy from abruption placentae. At this time, she was in denial and shock, but the nursing staff took extremely great care of her family. In B.A’s family, she is the only one with a degree hence making it a major accomplishment (Master of Science in Nursing, 2013). Her bachelor’s degree in Nursing was mainly contributed by the passion she had in teaching. The completion of Nursing/MSN/Health Care Education at the University of Phoenix in 2011 after an intense twenty month period of being on campus, prepared her to function in higher leadership roles in both the educational and clinical setting. The curriculum was mainly based on critical thinking, evidence-based practice, and leadership development. The nursing courses were based on advanced nursing content and leadership skills. On the other hand, the health care education was focused on curriculum development, faculty role, instructional strategies, assessment and evaluation (Summary Report for: Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary, 2013). In this regard, the degree qualifies her to different titles as assistant professor and professor, nursing director, and other posts such as assistant director of nursing and  director of nursing. Present Position At present, B.A is the assistant director of nursing at a prestigious school of Nursing. In addition, she is training and expected to assume the role of nursing director this year. She is also teaching students critical thinking by stating that the provided information must be evidence-based so that the students can be well informed and act in a responsible manner (Master of Science in Nursing, 2013). Pearls of Wisdom B.A. has for the past been advising her fellow instructors and students to develop the spirit of perseverance and discipline. She says that a person must have a purpose in life and that it must come to pass in you do not allow distractions (Summary Report for: Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary, 2013). She also says that studying and researching is her motto for new knowledge and that every person should copy that motive. She adds that the more one knows, they more they would be able to interact with other people and clients. Conclusion In conclusion, in this paper, I interviewed an MSN graduate and the assistant director in our school of Nursing. Through her knowledge, she has been able to sharpen her skills and changed her attitudes into a more human minded perspective. Her education as a graduate helped her in her leadership skills, nursing educator, curriculum expert and corporate team player. This interview had a strong positive impact in my life since I learned several lessons. Some of the virtues I learned are determination; hard work and discipline are key elements for any individual’s success. In addition, we share the same belief of obtaining a graduate education in order to advance in my career and better the lives of others. References Master of Science in Nursing. (2013). Master of Science in Nursing Program Description. Arizona, United States of America: Grand Canyon University Master of Science in Nursing. (2013). Retrieved from University of Phoenix: http://www.phoenix.edu/programs/degree-programs/nursing-and-health-care/masters/msn-ed.html Summary Report for:Nursing Instructors and Teachers,

Paracrisis Essay

Communication is faster than ever due to the advent of the Internet and social media which are venues for forum, interaction and information/issue dissemination, Today, nearly half a billion people around the world utilize the Internet. In the United States alone, about 155 million Americans access the Internet at home, with some citizens accessing the Internet only at work. Internet use by consumers in other countries, especially Japan (49 million users), the United Kingdom (29 million), Germany (36 million), Brazil (25 million) and France (31 million), has escalated rapidly. (Ferrell, Thorne, & Ferrell, 2012). The increasing number of Internet users warrant firms’ closer attention to and effective management of paracrises. In particular, Nestle’s case in 2010 exemplifies the need to respond pro-actively to social media attack initiated by Greenpeace rather than by not acknowledging the challenge or fighting back against the challenge. If not properly and timely addres sed, this may result to a web of chaos for Nestle. Greenpeace is a global campaigning organisation that enhances to change attitudes and behaviour of people in order to protect and conserve the environment. (About Greenpeace, n.d.) The reputational threat instigated by Greenpeace stemmed from Nestle’s weak stakeholder/customer relations which is a factor in selling products/services, one of the seven basic functions of marketing. Though it is true that supplier contracts including one with Sinar Mas Group should have been reviewed at the onset to check if these are aligned to the company’s social responsibility mandate, the paracrisis could have been immediately addressed should management responded to every single complaint in its social media. Based on my analysis, in general, Nestle’s performance in individual functional areas of business is strong. Financial performance is outstanding as group sales and earnings before income tax (EBIT) per its 2010 Annual Report are increasing from CHF 107,618 million to CHF 109,722 million and CHF 15,699 million to CHF 16,194 million in 2009 to 2010. It was also able to manage company’s debt as net financial debt was reduced to CHF 18,085 milli on to CHF 3,854 million which now only comprised 6.2 percent of equity from the staggering 37 percent in 2009. On the marketing side, Nestle is a well-known brand all  over the world, in fact, number 1 in the food industry offering diverse products. Other functional areas of Nestle including operations, research and development, information systems per my research and analysis, are performing effectively. On the external factor aspect, based on my analysis, firm’s strategies take advantage of the existing opportunities and minimize potential adverse effects of threats. First, food (and beverage) industry is observed to be resilient vis-à  -vis other industries during and immediately after the global economic crisis in 2008. The economic value has had an opposite impact on food and beverage industry. The major concern of these industries is increasing transportation costs for which people have to spend. Nevertheless, the food and beverage industry has been relatively less affected when compared to other industries. This is mainly attributed to the fact that food products continue to be essential to consumers in spite of the slowdown. A comparison between the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones US Food and Beverage Index in 2008 is testimony to the resilient nature of this industry. In 2008, the S&P 500 declined 37.6 percent against a fall of 22.9 percent by the Dow Jones US Food and Beve rage Index. (IMAP, 2010). Second, people are becoming more health-conscious and are now demanding nutritious products in which Nestle has the capability to produce. Company’s response to these major opportunities is superior. However, reputational attack initiated by Greenpeace could damage Nestle’s franchise value and could result in loss of business and consumer trust. Though Nestle could have adopted the following mutually exclusive strategies to respond to paracrisis – repentance, refutation and refusal, it is apparent that repentance, a reform strategy will create a harmonious relationship with its stakeholders, hence, the best or the only feasible paracrisis strategy response. Damage to franchise value caused by increasing trajectory of the paracrisis outweighs the cost of changing organizational practices (change supplier) to reflect the demands of Greenpeace. The combined effect of the voices not only from Greenpeace but also from specialist media and mainstream media and commentary on multiple blogs will be damaged reputation and loss of business. Adopting the refutation and refusal strategies will only create organizational hiatus and worst, crisis. Now that repentance is deemed most feasible, the following independent courses of actions could be employed by the crisis management team at the  point of view of marketing communicatio ns and public relations: 1. Filter pressing and critical issues for appropriate action of Board of Directors and/or Senior Management while attending to minor issues; 2. Resolve all issues – critical or not at their level and respond to these issues through social media in an appropriate and timely fashion; 3. Respond only to issues deemed critical. The first alternative course of action is deemed most feasible. Critical issues could be discussed at the top level of the organization giving the Board and Senior Management the opportunity to carefully review them and adjust company strategies, if necessary. Board and Senior Management sets the tone at the top and has the ultimate responsibility in running the business, hence, they should be fully aware of these critical issues. The crisis management team, on the other hand, should timely and appropriately respond to all issues – critical or not, with an end of assuring its stakeholders that these issues are being resolve d by the company. Minor issues can then be resolved at their level. The public should be made aware, implied or expressed, that the company is taking actions and is responsive to customer/stakeholders’ concerns. My recommendation to address the company’s central problem as mentioned in the above paragraph should be complemented by medium to long-term action plans which includes strengthening its stakeholder relations program; and annual or periodic review of company’s adherence to its mission and vision statements, strategies and business principles. First, stakeholder relations program should be strengthened by keeping community relations at the highest level, improving the customer climate, and maintaining good public image. The â€Å"Be redundant and sprawl† rule is highly applicable to prevent a crisis from happening in this particular case of Nestle. Posting articles on its commitment to social responsibility on different sites including its own website will help the company to vindicate itself from any gross reputati onal attack. Nestle should as well develop a comprehensive and effective communication and marketing strategy. Second, conducting an annual or periodic review of company’s adherence to its mission and vision statements, strategies and business principles will save the company from dealings that may taint company’s reputation. Nestle is committed to its business principles in all countries, taking into account local legislation, cultural and religious practices which include supplier and customer  relations. Nestle require its suppliers, agents, subcontractors and their employees to demonstrate honesty, integrity and fairness and to adhere to its non-negotiable standards. In the same way, Nestle is committed towards its own customers. (Nestle’s Corporate Business Principles, n.d.). These business principles, more particularly supplier and customer relations, should be reviewed not only on first dealings but on a continuous basis. Nestle’s objective is to be the recognized leader in nutrition, health and wellness and the industry reference for financial performance. (Nestle Annual Report, 2010) Remaining at the number 1 spot in the food industry busily catering to customer orders and demands while projecting mounting sales and profits could have prevented Nestle from responding to social media campaigns against irresponsible sourcing of palm oil. Apparently, Nestle failed to live by its dogma of social responsibility. Notwithstanding its desire to be viewed as socially responsible, it was not the actual picture then. Nestle was callous to people’s call for reform until it grew and became a sensation. Nestle should have an effective management team to manage paracrises or reputational threats. Everything seems so stable in an organization like Nestl e, but its management should not discount the fact the power of its stakeholders to cause reputational threat. Bibliography (2010). Nestle Annual Report. Ferrell, O. C., Thorne, D. M., & Ferrell, L. (2012). Social Responsibility and Business. Singapore: Cengage Learning. IMAP. (2010). Food and Beverage Industry Global Report. About Greenpeace. (n.d.). Retrieved from Greenpeace International: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/ Nestle’s Corporate Business Principles. (n.d.). Retrieved from Nestle: http://www.nestle.com/aboutus/businessprinciples

Pornography is it right Essay - 2384 Words

Executive Summary This report challenges the question of whether pornography is morally ethical or unethical and how society views it today. There were three key ethical theories used to related and cross-examine to see and understand the different views of pornography and how each ethical theory provides a different reasoning behind it. Whether pornography is ethical or unethical in society, this research paper provides you with concrete examples of why our society feels the way they do about pornography and what has influenced those decisions. Pornography can be depicted into so many different forms of sexual arousal and this is the basis for examining what is right or wrong within our society. There are many different factors†¦show more content†¦There are over 2 million websites floating around the internet that everyone around the world has complete access to. â€Å"Pornography is now the most popular internet destination for American men aged eighteen to thirty four. It is 50 percent m ore popular than music sites or eBay and four times more popular than travel services such as hotel and airline reservations†. (Lehman, 2006) Pornography and Ethical Theories What exactly defines pornographic material as being ethical or unethical? There are many different views on how pornography has affected society both good and bad. Some feel as though porn is the cause of sex crimes, while others view it as simply a normal natural thing to do. As we look more in depth at the ethical theories, we can see how they provide a reasonable stance on what makes porn ethical or unethical and why. There are three main theories that are going to discussed and related throughout this paper, which will provide an in-depth look at how the pornography is views in our society today. These include utilitarian theory, divine command theory, and the Kantian deontological principle. Utilitarian Theory Utilitarianism is the ethical theory based on the fact that ethical behaviour creates the greatest amount of happiness possible with the least amount of pain or suffering. When analyzing this theory in relation to porn, weShow MoreRelatedpornography right or wronga Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pages Pornography is one of the most controversy problems that humanity faces daily. It has materialized as a somber threat to the dignity of human sexuality and its deific purpose, perplexing the very nature of man and woman and signifying the falsification of mind in the existing age today. It has infested the purity and pureness of sex promoted dilapidation of humanity and advanced the marketization of sex, among other things. As a controversy problem, the issue of pornography requiresRead MoreEssay on Pornography and Feminist Fight for Women’s Rights1340 Words   |  6 PagesPornography and Feminist Fight for Women’s Rights There was a complaint in 1992 about having The Nude Maja in a classroom. The complaint came from a feminist English professor who stated that the painting made her students, as well as herself, uncomfortable. Another incident occurred at the University of Arizona when a female student’s photographic artwork consisting of self portraits in her underwear was physically attacked by feminists. There was also an occurrence at University of MichiganRead MoreThe Censorship of Pornography1581 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Censorship of Pornography: Censorship is vital and takes place on a daily basis in the modern society even in nations that state their respect and maintenance of the freedom of speech. 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MacKinnon’s critics mayRead MoreViolent Pornography Is An Example Of Illegal Pornography942 Words   |  4 Pages There are three types of pornography. There is soft core, hardcore and illegal. Violent pornography is an example of illegal pornography. Violent pornography is defined as sexually explicit material that contains consensual, coercive and violent sexual actions portrayed by men and women. It is morally right for people to sell and use violent and degrading pornography. People should be able to allowed to view violent pornography in privately. It is not affecting other people if the person prefersRead More Pornography Causes Desensitization, Aggression, and Alienation1265 Words   |  6 PagesPornography Causes Desensitization, Aggression, and Alienation A pair of long luscious, shapely legs extend upward until they join in perfect harmony. Colorful panties cover what seem to be the smallest area possible as a slim torso with shapely breasts and a slender neck lead to a perfect face. There she is, the perfect woman, the perfect picture of lust. Yet, she is only a picture, but what unbelievable power she possesses. Any man who looks her way will question his desires and himself.Read MoreThe Positive Benefits Of Pornography1051 Words   |  5 Pagesseemingly main reason there is such a growth in pornography is because almost everyone and everything in the world reacts and relates to sex. People are captivated with sex and are excited to see something new or something they have not seen before. People are always looking for a version of sex that is new or more different than the norm. This is soaring the pornography industry to grow one step further in order to keep up with the demand. Furthermore, pornography materials are available in many ways andRead More The Legality of Child Pornography Essays1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe Legality of Child Pornography Child pornography is an ongoing issue as technology progresses in today’s world. Now there are ways to produce child pornography without actually using a real child. While there are acts and laws to protect the children, there are still many unsatisfied people on each side of the issue. There are people who believe the adult entertainment companies, who produce the child pornography; they believe that their First Amendment rights are being violated withRead MorePornography Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pageshomes with so few restrictions† (qtd in â€Å"Pornography and Child Sexual Abuse†). The problem addressed in the quote by the U.S. Department of Justice is pornography, a 10 billion dollar industry, has made its way from discreet taboo to something that is today considered acceptable and even common. With the internet being such a common tool, it is no surprise that there is easy access to sexually explicit material. The widespread accessibility and usage of po rnography has changed people’s outlook on theRead MoreThe Ethical And Morality Of Pornography916 Words   |  4 PagesFor many years there has been a lot of arguments about the ethical and morality of pornography. pornography is defined as the depiction of erotic behavior intended to cause sexual excitement. When it coms down to pornography, people have different opinions about it. Some people might find it moral because it gives them pleasure and it satisfies them physically. some individuals see it as a form of art that describes the figure of a human body in an artistic form. Others see it as immoral because

Predominantly Male Industry ( Nagesh, 2015 ) - 1272 Words

predominately male industry (Nagesh, 2015). Ms. Barra’s superior leadership skills and abilities has been proven over and over again. Her ability to start from the bottom and rise to the very top is proof of her tenacity to overcome obstacles, pursue her dreams, and achieve the very best. Ms. Barra is one of the most influential leaders in the world today, and has subsequently turned GM around. Two weeks following her promotion to GM’s newest CEO, Ms. Barra learned of the faulty ignition-switch scandal that ended the lives of at least 13 people (Muller, 2014). General Motors had ignored safety concerns over the faulty ignition-switches, and subsequently refused a recall. Consequently, people lost their lives because of GM’s†¦show more content†¦Although GM lost consumer confidence because of the faulty ignition-switches, Ms. Barra has been able to reignite consumer trust, and subsequently increase profits in the recent years (Nagesh, 2015). Personal Leadership Development Plan - My Leadership Goals As part of my leadership development plan, it is one of my primary goals to highlight the skills that I’m strong in, and subsequently improve the skills that I’m weak in. As previously discussed, a primary strength is my â€Å"Self-motivation,† and my tenacity to continuously pursue the highest performance out of myself and others. Like Ms. Barra, I will use my â€Å"Achiever† mentality to work hard, improve myself, and motivate others to perform (Rath Conchie, 2008). I will attempt to build relationships with peers and subordinates by working alongside them, which will improve my interpersonal communication with them and inspire them to excel their performance (Rath Conchie, 2008). On the other hand, I must make it a point to improve my aforementioned weakness, conflict management and resolution. This is my second goal in my leadership development plan. Ms. Barra was able to resolve a major conflict within GM, the ignition-switch scandal, by being compassionate and listening to the concerns of others (Muller, 2014). I will attempt to improve my conflict management and resolution skills by utilizing a popular technique called â€Å"S-TLC† (Cahn Abigail, 2014). Prior to engaging

The Volstead Act of 1920 - 775 Words

The Volstead Act of 1920 The year of 1826, the American Temperance Society was adopted. They tried to convince people to stop drinking alcohol. It didn’t take much long after this, that the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union said that they would support the ban on drugs as well as alcohol. Then in 1893, the anti-Saloon League was formed. Not too much longer, they were a political power at making this ban on alcohol reality. Women were a major driving force on the prohibition of alcohol. Many of them stated that alcohol was a major driving force in ending lots of marriages and destroying lots of families. Men who were affected by alcohol led a life much like this. They were given their paychecks for working. Instead of supporting his family, he would go to the nearest speakeasy and likely spend all of their money. Sadly, a lot of men had a problem with alcohol. Alcohol addiction is a serious illness in which an individual being affected can appear to be very s elfish and inconsiderate to others. Factory owners also supported the prohibition of alcohol greatly because of the requirements needed by the ever changing factory worker lifestyle. This often included long work days and early morning starts. This would be something in which an alcoholic would have trouble trying to keep up with non-users of alcohol. The temperance societies and progressive reformers played a huge role at passing legislation at the local level. These societies and reformers saw thatShow MoreRelatedVolstead Act900 Words   |  4 Pagesimpact of the Volstead Act in influencing American society in the 1920s? The ‘Roaring Twenties’ was the age of the New Woman, with political liberation to the right to vote, economic liberation to jobs and household appliances, and social liberation to fashion and new norms of behaviour symbolised by ’flappers’. The Volstead Act was introduced in 1919, which prohibited alcohol. Criminal gangs were already powerful but with the Prohibition they gained even more. Therefore the Volstead Act was the keyRead MoreThe Fourteenth Amendment And The Prohibition Of Intoxicating Liquors Within The United States1220 Words   |  5 Pagessubmission hereof to the States by the Congress.† The Volstead Act was a demonstration to boycott inebriating drinks, and afterward to manage the assembling, generation, use, and offer of high-proof spirits for other than refreshment purposes, and to protect an abundant supply of liquor and advance its utilization in experimental exploration and in the improvement of fuel, color, and other legal commercial enterprises. The issue was that the Volstead Act didn t particularly specify the genuine drinkingRead MoreHow did the Prohibition Change the United States of America (USA)? And why was it a failure?1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe word Prohibition as stated in the World Book encyclopaedia refers to laws that are designed to prevent the drinking of alcoholic beverages. The enforcement of the Volstead Act in the United States of America (USA) saw the nationwide beginning of the prohibition on the 16th of January 1920. The Prohibition brought about a change in attitude for the people of the United States (USA). It caused an extreme ris e in crime; encouraging everyday people to break the law and increased the amount ofRead MoreForbidden Love in The Great Gatsby1361 Words   |  6 PagesMany people in the 1920s lived very extravagant lives. The time of the â€Å"Jazz Age† or the â€Å"Roaring 20s† where girls were flappers and the men were bootleggers. People loved to have fun and be carefree. However, alcohol dependence was becoming a problem and many started realizing that. Taking action to stop this was the hard part. Alcohol was corrupting the 1920s even though some did not recognize it. In the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald displays the corruption during the 1902s through his mainRead MoreNo Prohibitions, No Problem? Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pageswould boost several flailing industries. Prohibition caused many industries to decline, showed the deep seeded corruption of government officials and law enforcement, and generated a crime wave that propagated gangsters of the 1920s. The Eighteen th Amendment, the Volstead Act, and other laws like it provided loopholes that were easy for the savvy to take advantage of. Although many of the reasons for the passage of Prohibition were considered noble, most of the effects did more harm than good. Read MoreThe prohibition was a period of about 14 years in United States history in which the manufacture,700 Words   |  3 PagesThe prohibition was a period of about 14 years in United States history in which the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor, or alcoholic beverage, was made illegal. This took place within the years 1920-1933. Throughout these times, the effects of the prohibition took a great turn on the United States. A large portion of America was upset with the new law and went to great extents to get alcohol illegally. The prohibition was a rough fourteen years for the government and citizens of TheRead MoreFrom January 16, 1919 To December 5,1933, The Volstead1252 Words   |  6 Pages From January 16, 1919 to December 5,1933, the Volstead Act made it illegal to sale, manufacture, or transport alcohol. Although the Volstead Act was to stop drinking completely, it did just the opposite. People were willing to drink alcohol illegally which gave way to bootlegging, speakeasies, gangsters and organized crime.Mark Twain summarizes this time by saying, â€Å"Prohibition only drives drunkenness behind doors and does not cure it, or even diminish it.† Prohibition, by this timeRead MoreA comparison between the 1920s and the 1980s.1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1920s and 1980s are similar in many ways. Their similarities are social, economical, and political. Some of the similarities between the decades are Prohibition and the War on Drugs, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and 1987, and the influence of music on society. Prohibition was passed as the 18th amendment, that importing, exporting, transporting, and manufacturing of alcohol was to be put to an end. Prohibition did not achieve its goals. Instead, it added to the problems that it intendedRead MoreThe Unique Lifestyle in the Roaring Twenties1101 Words   |  4 Pages The 1920s; more commonly known as the ‘roaring twenties’ were a time of fast paced life, and prosperity for most Americans. Many more people and families were living in cities, and more urban areas rather than rural. For the first time, the roles of men and women were more equal than ever before in the household, as well as the work force. The economic prosperity in families gave more time to sit back and take advantage of the new technologies, and media in the period. Individuals had more leisureRead MoreThe Negative Impact of American Prohibition1433 Words   |  6 PagesImplemented in the 1920s, Prohibition made the selling and buying of alcoholic beverages ill egal. Rather than improve Americans lives, Prohibition created a multitude of issues. Prohibition was a drastic failure and created more problems for the United States. Because of the lack of public support, people believed in personal choice and thought it was up to them whether or not they wanted to drink. There was a lack of enforcement of Prohibition and there were more speakeasies than officers. Many

Network Requirement Analysis and Plan †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Network Requirement Analysis and Plan. Answer: Introduction The fundamentals of network design for the University Campus are discussed in this section. To design a network, its basic concepts such as the network topology also important to be considered and its selection is an important criterion. The geometric representation of network topology is to build relationship among all the links connecting the device nodes (Chapman Cooper Zwicky, 2000). Network topology represents the physical topology and represents the way in which a network is physically connected. It is logical topology that defines flow of data through the network. Design types determine the type of Network for the Campus is interested to adopt in order to meet their work system requirements. There are different types of designs available for the company to adopt into their system. The various configurations used in the network set up is LAN, WAN, MAN and CAN. The specific requirement depends upon how much big the area need to get covered along with their complexity. In the small business network setting the need of high frequency Wi-Fi connections demand are high in demand (Chen, Iyer Whisnant, 2002). Analyse and discuss the significance of internetworking for GITAM University. The plan is to analyse and address the star up issues with the University. It is related to their network design, inter networking and implementation process. Since the University is going to have highly distributed, heterogeneous and globalised set of branches across the area hence a comprehensive system of network is designed to maintain their connectivity without any interruption. The network topology is chosen initially and designed as per their requirements. Network is designed in order to provide 100% availability with time. Efforts are made to maintain the network availability in wide adverse situations of link failure, equipment failure and overload conditions. Network designed to support tremendous traffic loads with the time. Design is carried out with consistent application response time. Protection is provided against unexpected security incidents. The important necessity to build the network includes proper network topology, router, wireless adaptor through which all their systems are internally connected. The best solution to network design is to ensure that they must meet the basic requirements. In this mode of network design an inter connection of network design procedure has been adopted. This has three components in its network layer namely core layer, distributed layer and Access layer (Ali Alabady , 2007). Network Device Network Interface Card (NIC) or LAN(Local Area Network) Card Media - Wired or Wireless Networking devices - Hubs, Switches, Routers etc. Computers like Laptop or Desktop. Operating systems like Windows, Linux and Mcintosh and so on. Other requirements S. No Device Manufacturers name Series Model Features 1 NIC NETGEAR 10.10.10.1 RTL8111C(P) Computers of various types connect to networks via several types of wired and wireless interfaces, the most common being Ethernet and Wi-Fi Alabady, 2008). These interfaces may be integrated into the motherboard, or they may come in the form of an add-on card that connects to the computer via PCI/PCIe or USB. 2 Hub Intel(R) Corporation 1.0.5.235 HID It acts as a central point of communication among e media devices. 3 Switch Dell Inc DEMOSERIAL Powerconnect2824 Devices essentially serve as hubs for the network. Multiple computers link to a router or switch, which itself may be connected to other switches. 4 Router Cisco Cisco router_30 Cisco - 1841 These devices setup their own sub network. Only one per one device is permitted. Table: Network device specification A design table specifying IP network IP address specifying Network Topology diagram Management Software access to every computer from each of the location using a fixed IP address. Network configuration (ACL configuration and Router interface with explanation) The cables are often used in the networking set up. Although now a days the cable requirements are often, but the use of cable is perhaps required in minimum amount. There are various type of cable such twisted pair cable unshielded, twisted pair cable shielded, co axial cable, fibre optic cable, and wireless LANs. The most important server operating system used is that UNIX like operating system. They are open source system. They have the features of ability to fast recognise and software and hardware updating capacity without re starting the system. They have the capacity of flexibility an transparent data transfer among the devices. They have to store tera bytes of data in daily basis and hence th size of the data sources are enormous. The server has space ranging from 16 GB to 128 GB RAM and are equipped with multi-tera byte HDD storage. Network Design in Netsim NetSim 8.0 is an application. This system of software allows to apply the vision of network design within the application. They are performed using the Cisco command line equipment. NetSim is a network simulation and emulation tool. It is mainly used for the purpose of network design. It is done with the basis of network planning and management system. Many technologies are being covered in th design process using NetSim. Thy are wireless sensor networks, wireless land area network system, MANETs, LTE and many more. Network navigation mode allows viewing the devices tat are closely connected with each other and with whom they are connected sequentially. At the same time they have the feature of displaying the network connectivity in the active mode. By right clicking on the device, we can view the device with the topology in order to access the selected device. The sequential set connectivity using NetSim has been shown in the below representation. The simple way of connection is at first shown and it is then followed by rest of the connectivity for the entire University campus. This shows how the routers are connected and forming sub networks. This shows how all the other networks are being connected for the access control from the management system. The network connection design along with the simulation result is shown. During the installation of the operating system the network software installation takes place. A certain IP configuration parameters are used in the appropriate files tat are stored. They are stored in such a way that they can be read at the boot time Akyildiz, Melodia Chowdhury, 2008). After the completion of building the entire network, it is required to make sure for the testing of the equipment and the performance monitoring of the entire network for the specific range of duration. Before starting the complete set up, it is required to test the entire network performance. To avoid the situation of sudden system failurerity, it is utmost require to keep a regular monitoring system. The monitoring system is required to enable all of this redundancy (Akin, 2002). Conclusion World class University in todays scenario is impossible without emails, online banking and all other important services that are linked by the internet. The services computer network plays an important role to access the information necessary to maintain the connecting operation. For interconnectivity of components within the campus a network topology adapts to the physical and set up and to maintain the interconnection between arrangement of computers, cables and other component. It is important in a data communication network since the information travels through packet form from one device and sending it through the network to another device on a different network. References Akin, T. (2002), Hardening Cisco Routers. OReilly Associates. Akyildiz, F., Melodia, T. Chowdhury, R. (2008). Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: Applications and Testbeds, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 96, no. 10, pp. 1588-1605. Alabady, S. (2008). Design and Implementation of a Network Security Model using Static VLAN and AAA Server, In Proceedings International Conference on Information Communication Technologies: from Theory to Applications, ICTTA. Ali, Q. Alabady ,S. (2007). Design and Implementation of A Secured Remotely Administrated Network, In Proceedings International Arab Conference on Information Technology, ACIT . Chapman D., Cooper S. Zwicky, E. (2000). Building Internet Firewalls, 2nd Edition, OReilly Associates. Chen S., Iyer R., Whisnant K. (2002). Evaluating the Security Threat of Firewall Data Corruption Caused by Instruction Transient Errors, In Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Dependable Systems Network, Washington, D.C.